The cheapest, easiest and safest entry / exit design for a stadium or grandstand is via the front. This can be used if there are less than 23 terrace rows. The drawback is that people pass in front of spectators; especially bad if the home team is doing badly, where they are obvious to the team.
A Rear entry stadium plan is excellent because people coming and leaving provide minimum obstruction. The drawbacks are
Front and rear entry stadia design is probably the best. The rear entry is for almost everyone. Stewards will allow the old, infirm and disabled to enter by the front. Exit prior to the end will only be by the rear. Exit at the end, and emergency exit, will be by the front where it should be.
Terraces with more than 23 rows, and most second tier terraces, will usually have vomitories. The drawbacks are:
Horizontal Gangway stadia design use up good viewing positions and make obstructive guard rails necessary so are only used when circumstances force it on the stand.
The disabled should have access to representative proportions of the stadium or grandstand. If a lift is provided, be careful. Consideration in the design must be given to exit in emergency situations, or safe refuges while waiting evacuation. If the disabled area is at the front of the stadium, there is no problem for wheelchairs, or helpers, who get excellent positions at no great increase in price.
A horizontal gangway may be extended to other zones. Ramps provide excellent safe exit / entrance for disabled users, though they use up a lot of space.
A stadium tunnel will connect the toe of the terrace to the accommodation underneath and behind it at ground level. It is standard for the players entrance to the pitch. The tunnel would infer front access if used for general spectators.
The tunnel can also connect the disabled to facilities underneath the stand.
The tunnel wastes more space than a vomitory, and obstructs more vision.
Queens Award for Enterprise International Trade 2006 2008 2009 |
Register of Qualified Steelwork Contractors Category A1 |
The Steel Construction Institute |
British Constructional Steelwork Association |
British Airport Services & Equipment Association |
British Safety Council |